Greatest Romance Film of All Time, Casablanca - 1049 Words

Many denote Casablanca as one of the greatest romance films of all time, but there is more beyond what is going on between the leading man and the leading lady. When an individual ponders Casablanca, they may think of the romance aspect of it, but that is only one facet of this film. Although it probably was not viewed as such at the time, Casablanca is a historical record depicting the events of World War II. This film not only shows events and situations that occurred, but shows how people felt about those incidents. There are many characters from different heritages in the film, and the actors’ portrayal of a certain type of person, whether American or Bulgarian, can give an idea as to how Americans or Bulgarians felt in real life at the time. Even though there is one American in the film, the viewer can discern how Americans were perceived by others by the acting of that one American; one is almost forced to assume that is what Americans are like since there was just that one character. Through this film, one can tell if the people who made it wanted to promote American involvement in the war; an individual can also see a portrayal of Americans and their allies during the war; there is a depiction of the nature of the war and the violence that ensued because of it; and cultural components are shown. Rick is the only American in the film, and he is quite the all-American man. To some, he would probably be considered good-looking, he’s quite successful with his business,Show MoreRelatedThe Golden Age Of Hollywood1293 Words   |  6 Pages Classical Hollywood film sprung up in the 1920s and lasted until the mid to late 1960s. This type of cinema, now know as the â€Å"Golden Age of Hollywood,† had a very specific style. It used flashbacks, continuity editing as well as â€Å"narratives structured around the goals of individual characters† (Belton 44), also known as a deadline device. Stars of that era were chosen specifically to play the individual main characters and they had more traits than less involved characters, such as launching theRead MoreThe Years, And Midnight Cowboy Won Best Screenplay1652 Words   |  7 PagesCowboy, Network, and American Beauty have one thing in common, and it’s not that they were all Best Picture films; only Midnight Cowboy and American Beauty were. What these three films have in common, is their ability to stand out in the Best Screenplay race at the Academy Awards. American Beauty and Network both won Best Original Screenplay in their years, and Midnight Cowboy won Best Adapted Screenplay. These films are still widely talked about, not only because they won these awards, but because theirRead MoreSongs That Have Stood the Test of Time and Geography1713 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Part 1 Background and Identification- There are quite a number of songs that have stood the test of time and geography to remain as vital and popular today as they were when first composed. Perhaps it is because some of these songs simply transcend time and place and appeal to the core of human emotion. Who cannot feel a thrill of excitement and humanity at the finale of Beethovens 9th Symphony, or shed a tear at a favorite Christmas carol? One song that fits this transcendence is La Vie En RoseRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesthe business. The Hollywood Studio System: A History is the first book to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most of the films we watch. Starting in 1920, Adolph Zukor, head of Paramount Pictures, over the decade of the 1920s helped to fashion Hollywood into a vertically integrated system, a set of economic innovations which was firmly in place by 1930. For

Topshop Company Profile Essay - 6285 Words

Introduction Topshop is a one-stop shop for fashion conscious women. It is an innovative, British brand offering a wide product range, that is trend driven at an affordable price. With a target audience of women aged 15 to 30, particularly focusing on students, offering a 10% discount to all students who shop at Topshop. Topshop are known for their fast fashion, selling trend based pieces at an affordable price, capitalizing on being British and selling the ideology of the British it girl who is unique, stylish and out there. Selling clothing, footwear, jewelry, bags, accessories and make up all under one roof they are seen as more of a lifestyle brand that just a fashion retailer. Topshop’s mission statement sums this up soundly†¦show more content†¦In the US Arcadia has kept ownership of the brand and has opened four flagship stores in four different cities. But they originally were stocked in Barney’s Department stores in 2007 when the first Kate Moss line was released. Now they are stocked exclusively in Nordstrom department stores, with even exclusive products designed specifically for Nordstrom stores. Their online store however is probably their biggest form of international operations, with over 500,000 site views per day (Bloom Social Business) and accounting for 22% increase in sales in 2012, when the in store sales had fallen. Topshop ships to over 100 countries and the site can translate to three different languages. Shipping costs are a flat rate of 4 pounds to the UK, and 9 pounds when delivering internationally. Topshop also has released dedicated sites to certain countries, like the US (us.topshop.com) and Singapore (sg.topshop.com), where the price of clothing is in the countries dollar. Strategic Direction Topshop has multiple strategies in keeping ahead of their competition. They fundamentally believe that what sets them apart from their competitors is the fact that they are not just selling a product but they are selling an experience (Justin Cooke). You can see this notionShow MoreRelatedtopshop marketing plan1483 Words   |  6 Pageswangyt_1002@hotmail.com    TOPSHOP Marketing Plan Prepared:  [25 Dec 2013] Table of Contents 1 Marketing Plan Summary [Please complete this page last] [The marketing plan summary is a snapshot of your more detailed answers from your marketing plan. It should be easy to read and simple to follow.  ] Introduction of Topshop Business name:  Topshop Corporation Business structure:  Topshop Corporation is ownedRead MoreThe Growth Of Electric Shopping1068 Words   |  5 Pagesglobalisation market. 3. Company Profile of both organisations Topshop (Figure12, Topshop Logo and retail store) Topshop is a famous high street clothing retailer in the UK which belongs to the Arcadia Group that founded in 1964 as a fashion brand within the Sheffield branch of the Peter Robinson Ltd chain initially until 1970s. It had become a stand-alone store, and settled its flagship store on 214 Oxford Street in 1994. (Arcadiagroup.co.uk, 2016) There are more than 300 alone Topshop stores in theRead MoreUnit 12 D11273 Words   |  6 Pagesetc. Topshop is a high street fashion retailer that has been up and running since 1964 and is has successfully open 300 store across the UK, do shipments to more than 100 countries and has their eclectic British style is known all over the world. Over the years they have built a strong bond with industry insiders and in 2002 they joined forces with NEWGEN, a scheme which allowed them to foster new design talent and provide a global platform for the scene’s brightest new stars. Topshop also theRead MoreTaking a Look at the Primark Profile1332 Words   |  5 PagesPRIMARK PROFILE Primark is an Irish clothing retailer, operating in Australia, Belgium, Germany, Ireland (38 stores branded as Penny’s), Portugal, Spain, the Netherland and the U.K. The companys main base of operation is in Dublin and they are a supplementary of British food processing company ABF. Primark is first opened in June 1969 in Mary Street (Dublin). It became appreciable that more stores are needed and another four were added to the chain. Further extensionand success in Ireland commandRead MoreThe Organization Of Topshop And Successful Company2593 Words   |  11 PagesMarketing Report Topshop 2014 EC1400614 Contents Page Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Micro Environment...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 Macro Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5/6/7 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8/9/10 The Marketing Mix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...11/12 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 Introduction The following report will be focusing on the organisation of Topshop – a well-knownRead MoreTopshop Marketing Plan5356 Words   |  22 PagesMarketing Plan Executive summary This marketing plan examines the case of TOPSHOP as a UK’s fast-fashion retailer. The following marketing plan is structured according the SOSTAC framework. Topshop is operating under the parental Arcadia Group. Over the latest years, Topshop has been one of the most popular UK’s fast-fashion retailers. The company is a multinational Omni-channel fashion retailer. Topshop is well-known for its high-quality products in medium low prices. The company’s portfolioRead MoreUsing Social Networking Websites for Social Media Marketing in Fashion Industry1475 Words   |  6 Pagesin the fashion industry is a marketing style which allows brand to connect with their target audience through online outlets such as Facebook, Youtube, Blogger, Twitter,etc. The number of fashion insiders accepting social media has skyrocketed. Companies get to capture a larger target audience by becoming a part of the social media network. Since internet has become such an inexpensive and easily accessible tool, it has become an ideal platform to gain the loyalty and build consumer trust. It isRead MoreTopshop Case Study2631 Words   |  11 Pagesstudy focuses on the aspects of Top Shop and their business. Topshop is a UK leading Fashion retailer. Topshop started in 1964 in the basement of Peter Robinson, a department store in the North of England. It is part of the long standing retail force of the Arcadia Group which includes Burton, Dorothy Perkins, Miss Selfridge and Wallis. Topshop has over 300 stores across the UK and over 100 in international territories. In 1965 Topshop was given the basement of the largest Peter Robinson store rightRead MoreThe Achievement Of The Corporate Goals A Business Essay1991 Words   |  8 Pagesit means new items are always in store which allows regular shoppers can find new stock each time they visit meaning no customer will be disappointed because they will always find something new. They keep a tight vertical integration meaning the company is involved in the whole fashion cycle: Design, Production, Logistics, Sales. Staff will help in store with the rapid transformation which creates customer satisfaction because they keep a tight organisational structure allowing rapid transformationRead MoreCritical Evaluation of Topshop Corporate Weblog as E-Business Value Creation Tool2857 Words   |  12 Pagesmain sequential stages of the customer life cycle: acquisition, retention and extension (Chaffey, 2009). The first stage of customer relationship management for an organisation utilising the blogging tool for marketing purposes is therefore to profile the customer they intend to relate to. Figure 2 illustrates the stages of the customer life cycle, a proposition to bear in mind throughout the marketing process, as it is generally considered that retaining 5 per cent of customers can boost profitability

Belonging An Individual’s Interaction with Others Free Essays

Social interaction is an essential part of any relationship; it is the determining factor for one’s perceptions of the society around them and their own identity. Relationships are initially built upon mutual interests and acceptance and this is closely linked with one’s innate desire to be able to affiliate with a group or another individual. Both these ideas are explored in the ‘Namesake’ by Jhumpa Lahiri and the picture book: ‘The Lost Thing’ by Shaun Tan. We will write a custom essay sample on Belonging: An Individual’s Interaction with Others or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lahiri explores the importance of shared values and experiences in a relationship for it to prosper rather than the need for social interaction. This notion is shown through the relationship Ashoke and Ashima forge throughout their life. Despite having an arranged marriage, without having known each other beforehand, Ashoke and Ashima form a powerful emotional bond during their married life. Throughout the book, the interaction between Ashima and Ashoke is somewhat limited in speech but their bond is shown through emotive passages instead. An example of this is when Ashima tries on Ashoke’s shoes; this action is a symbolic harbinger of how well they both ‘fit’ together over the years. Furthermore, the quote: â€Å"Eight thousand miles away in Cambridge she has come to know him† illustrates how the challenges of being migrants together and the mutual experiences in America and in India serve to strengthen their conjugal ties. Their relationship, hence, is an intuitive one instead of one where verbal communication is needed. The ostracism experienced by one unable to interact with others is shown in ‘The Lost Thing’ by Shaun Tan. The lost thing is an anomalous creature in a bureaucratic society searching for a place to fit in. However wherever it goes, it is met with an apathetic attitude from the citizens. The citizens of this society are so innately obsessed with practical outcomes that they have lost all sense of creativity and even conversation for the sake of conversation. Tan illustrates the austerity of this world by depicting it with rigid angles and an overall sepia tone. However one boy forms a relationship with the lost thing out of pity and tries to find its home. The boy provides food, shelter and care to the lost thing and these simple actions fuel their temporary feelings of belonging. Their relationship is encouraged by the need to fulfill an action; in this case-finding the lost thing its home. The brevity of their relationship is highlighted by the abrupt separation of the two: â€Å"It seemed as good a time as any to say goodbye to each other. So we did. † The objective language and the truncated sentence demonstrate the brief and conditional nature of their bond. Once the condition was fulfilled, the need to belong was abated. This shows the necessity of interaction in creating a sense of belonging; had the citizens of the society acknowledged the presence of the lost thing, the lost thing may have remained there. Lahiri also goes on to demonstrate how social interaction can lead to one’s compromise of their identity. Gogol is a prime example of this; as a child of migrants, Gogol is confronted by two different cultures and feels he must be one or the other. As Gogol’s relationship with Maxine develops, we see him conform to Maxine’s standards, hiding his Bengali identity: â€Å"She is surprised to hear certain things about his life: that all his parents’ friends are Bengali, that they had had an arranged marriage, that his mother cooks Indian food every day, that she wears saris and a bindi. .. ’But you’re so different; i never would have thought that’. He is not insulted, but he is aware a line has been drawn all the same†. To be a part of Maxine’s life, Gogol realises that he has to live her way of life; the American way. This compromise of identity led to even more confusion on Gogol’s behalf and in the end, as he starts to embrace his heritage, he rejects Maxine and her life. This shows how one’s perceptions of identity are crucial in determining and maintaining relationships with others. The need for conformity in the society of ‘The Lost Thing’ in order to gain acceptance is shown by Shaun Tan. As the boy takes the lost thing around town, it is taken to the boy’s home. There, it takes up a huge amount of space and is impossible to ignore, however the parents of the boy do not even glance at it. Another instance where this lack of acknowledgement is shown is when the lost thing stands in line of banal, grey citizens. The lost thing clearly stands out as it is big, red and round, but no one notices it. Tan uses this confining imagery as a way to effectively convey the segregation between society and the lost thing. The lost thing is unable to integrate itself into the society as it is both unable to conform to the dull criterion of the society and unable to gain acknowledgment of its presence. The shunned lost thing finds no admission into this society where the citizens do not dare stray from their quotidian routine for fear of exclusion. There is a place in this society that odds things are taken o: â€Å"The Federal Department of Odds and Ends† with the motto â€Å"sweepus underum carpatae†. At the end of the book, the lost thing does not find its home but it does find a place where its individuality is accepted. The boy even goes as far as saying â€Å"I mean, I can’t say that the thing actually belonged in the place where it ended up. In fact, none of the things there really belonged. They all seemed happy enough though, so maybe that didn’t matter . † Consequently, what is shown here is that social interaction is needed, no matter what form of interaction, to gain a feeling of acceptance. Ultimately, social interaction is inherent in all aspects of belonging. It is the basis of all relationships and also a factor for one’s self perception of identity. This complex process is vital for one’s mental and physical health as it challenges the barriers in place that one automatically establishes in a new setting. The ‘Namesake’ by Jhumpa Lahiri and ‘The Lost Thing’ by Shaun Tan explore the ways in which social interaction can affect relationships and identity which in turn affect one’s perceptions of belonging. How to cite Belonging: An Individual’s Interaction with Others, Essay examples

Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Effects free essay sample

Trade and the effects on the American economy Transatlantic Slave Trade The Transatlantic slave trade is a Wrenching aspect of the history of Africa and America (Colon Palmer). The transatlantic slave trade transported African people to the New World. It lasted from the 16th to the 1 9th century. Slavery has had a big impact on African culture. The Africans were forced to migrate away from everything they knew, culture, heritage and lifestyles (Captive Passage). Coupled with they were faced with racism and overcame life- threaten situations everyday.Nevertheless the Africans preserved and arrived tremendous conditions. Even though the slave trade was horrible it still contributed to the economy of the Americas-New World and Africa. The journey to the economy can be discussed through Africa before and after the slave trade, slavery within Africa, products produced, and many more. Slavery is a form of forced labor in which people are considered to be the property of others. Slavery was prominent all over the world before the transatlantic slave trader but the Atlantic slave trade is remembered as an account of horrible history in the African culture and even America.In the 15th century the Atlantic slave trade began. The journey to the Americas is another act of perseverance of the Africans, for who survived. The journey started in Africa where slaves were cram into very small boats. Usually the ships were divided into three platforms decks, which were only five feet apart. One each of these decks slaves were assembled similar to how books are arranged on a shelf. Needless to say the ships were very cramped and confined. In addition the slaves were shackled together by their feet and hands.Only those women who did not pose a threat could go without shackles, and children nearly never wore shackles. In such terrible conditions t is estimated that 1 00 million slaves survived the journey, and 40 percent of slaves who boarded the slave ship died before reaching the Americas (Captive Passage). After a long journey to the Americas the slaves who survived were usually sent to the southern colonies for labor. Most of which had no idea of the life they would have in America. The slave trade was a forced journey from the African coast to the Americas. It is the taking of freedom, suffering- extreme basically survival of the fitness. It symbolizes loss of African descent homeland, familiar places and identity (Captive Passage 53). The Atlantic slave trade was the largest forced migration. It began in the 15th century and was the staple of human interaction. It was launched specifically to provide labor to the European colonies, North America, South America and the Caribbean. In the 1 5th century Europeans were creating colonies all over the world, as they expanded colonies in the New World they realized their was more labor needed to supply needed goods.In the beginning the Europeans brought over indigenous people to provide a work force. But, the indigenous people were unreliable, most of them died from disease brought over from Europe and they lacked experience. As a result the Europeans resorted in Africans. Africans were excellent workers; they often had experience of agriculture and keeping cattle. Also they were used to the hot climates and resisted diseases. All characteristics making them better than the indigenous people. The Europeans now having a source of work force had the first Africans to arrive in North America during 1526 in Cape Fear, North Carolina (Captive Passage).The purpose of the slaves coming to America was purely economic. There was a constant problem on early America, shortage of labor. Between 1526 and 1793, about 5 million slaves reinserted into America (Google Books). In 1793 the demand for slaves increased as the creation of the Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney became prominent in American economy. The slaves were very useful in providing labor, but they also were a good source of trade. The slaves were sold for various items, such as gold, ivory, pepper, beeswax and many more. The Africans were the source of labor in the Americas from the 15th to 19th century.The Europeans starting the Atlantic slave trade affected both America and Africa. In term of how Africa was affected it affected their society greatly. The big lose that the Africans faced was population, it is estimated that about 50 million Africans were lost, and the majority of Africans lost were strong, fit individuals. Population was also lost through those who fled the country to escape being capture. Africans relied a lot on contact with the outside world to get needed goods but that ended. Not only did they lose many people but those who were in Africa were looked upon as inferior.Africans were seen as a source for cheap labor, and blacks soon got the title of being less intelligent than others. Overall society had the biggest impact, tribal wars became frequent sighting for each others slaves, and laws were changed, making slavery punishable. But people usually did not follow those rules because they were attracted by the economic advantages that came with it. Africans felt very insecure in their own dwellings. On the other hand the Atlantic slave trade did not have that much of a negative impact in the Americas. The slavery help contribute to the development of economy to diversity in the New World.The bringing of Africans to the Americas provided the country with more blacks. But unfortunately life was harsh for the Africans, but they did provide n increased amount of labor that helped the economy. Section 2 Before the Europeans arrived in Africa, Africa had a very highly develop society. They had many different religions, language, complex institutions, cities, and advanced technology. They were growing basic plants and breeding animals. Also throughout Africa there were industrial advancements such as mining and agriculture, herding. Gold was a big economic item for Africa.Camel Caravans revolutionized trading. They could carry more and heavier items over a long distance. Clearly Africa had developed a complex society, which was soon all taken away. Slavery had an extreme impact on the African- American culture. This treatment is not solely just because of their treatment in the New World. There was also destruction of their culture, removal from heritage, and their inability to communicate as slaves, all plagued the African- American culture in the New World. They were separated from their families, and cultural items such as drums. Which were used to communicate.Also the Africans had a lost of identity, their real names were ignored by slave masters, in result the masters gave the slaves created names. Not only was everything taken away he Africans, were not allowed to perform their homeland rituals or practice their own religion. Everything was part of their life was no longer a part of their life. Section 3 In the 15th century the Atlantic slave trade rise in the country of, Africa. Europeans at first went to Africa to trade for gold but, as they expanded there colonies into the New World they needed more people in the work force.Spaniards had introduced slaves to the Europeans, Europeans took the opportunity and saw that slavery Was Very helpful, to provide for them. The slave trade changed the Africans perspective of economy. The Africans used o fight for gold but now, they compete to see who got the most slaves to produce to the slave trade. Even though those who dealt the slaves were greatly helped by it, the slaves them selves they became knowledgeable about what was happening and started to run trying to escape. The slaves were just another source of money, contributing to the economy.The Atlantic slave trade changed the idea of all Africans. The citizens became less interested in gold but instead human commerce, capturing and exporting slaves. The Africans stopped trading goods other than slaves which resulted in people focusing all there attention to the European commerce. The Atlantic slave trade commercialese Africans economy, prevented them from creating a system of capitalism and industrialization. The African slave traders became obsessed with goods the Europeans give them in exchange for slaves.Most common goods exchanged for slaves were, gunpowder, brandy, cloth, glassware, salt and iron. The Africans were obsessed with the goods but the slaves they were trading for them were mostly men. The demographics were affected greatly, concept of family changed and family roles changed due to the lose of men. The women were forced to do male task in business and economy. The gained amount of women in the economy was a bad thing because they were very inexperience and they mostly focused on how to improve their home economic conditions instead of the whole countries economic condition.

Taoism Essay Research Paper The original form free essay sample

Taoism Essay, Research Paper The original signifier of Taoism is sometimes called philosophical Taoism or classical Taoism. Taoism neer even had a name until Buddhism came to China. It was nameless. Lao Tzu even states that? Tao? is merely used because it is the closest word in significance. Nothing can be said about the Tao without taking off from the significance. When Taoism eventually was acknowledged, it changed from its rigorous philosophical way to a spiritual one, with its ain priests and holy work forces. For many centuries Taoism was merely a manner of life followed by provincial, husbandman and gentleman philosopher and creative person. They reflected and mediated. They learned from the highest instructor, nature. They meditated utilizing the energy traveling through their organic structures and mapped out the roads and waies it traveled upon. Each adult male and adult female was his or her ain priest. The connexion with the Godhead or Tao was the sacred trust of each person. We will write a custom essay sample on Taoism Essay Research Paper The original form or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Taoism was said to hold been created by the male parent of Taoism, Lao Tzu, which means? Old Sage. ? Lao Tzu was born in 1321 B.C. He was the keeper of the archives at the imperial tribunals. The fable has it that he went to the West boundary line at age 80, sad because work forces were unwilling to follow the way of natural goodness. At the western boundary line, a guard named Yin Xi asked Lao Tzu to enter his instructions to him. Lao Tzu so wrote the Tao Te Ching. In Lao Tzu # 8217 ; s view things were said to make Wei or unnatural action by determining desires or yu. The procedure of larning the names called Ming used in the philosophies helped people to make up ones mind which what good and immorality, beautiful and ugly, high and low, and # 8220 ; being # 8221 ; ( yu ) and # 8220 ; non- being # 8221 ; ( Wu ) . He believed that those who seek for and follow the Tao are strong of organic structure, clear of head, and crisp of sight and hearin g. Followings of the Tao do non lade their head with anxiousnesss of the universe, and are flexible to alter. This meant that desiring and desire was unnecessary because it was portion of the Way. To abandon cognition was to abandon names, differentiations, gustatory sensations and desires. Therefore self-generated behaviour ( wu-wei ) resulted. Wu-Wei, which is a major subject in Taoism, is to make things in such a manner that it does non look like there is any attempt involved. To make this meant to be without witting idea merely like nature exists. It is allowing travel of the secular idea and action so that the Tao might come in. Subsequently in 399 B.C followed Chuang Tzu, who was labeled as the following great voice after Lao Tzu. Chuang Tzu developed even further what Lao Tzu had written approximately. He adapted what Lao Tzu taught approximately mystical acquisition and positions. Chuang Tzu? s authorship was more developed and clearly stated so Lao Tzu. He besides emphasized the topographic point worlds have in nature. He believed that people should be at peace while traveling with the universe. He thought that different emotions lead to certain actions like compassion leads to courage or humbleness leads to leading. Taoist thoughts and images inspired the Chinese to love nature and to occasional retreat to it from the attentions of the universe to rest and mend. It besides inspired an intense avowal of physical life from wellness, wellbeing, and verve, to even immortality. Taoism took a bend toward the supernatural. Some Taoists searched for # 8220 ; isles of the immortals, # 8221 ; or for herbs or chemical compounds that could guarantee immortality and thaumaturgy but Taoists were more interested in wellness and verve the hunt for immortality. Bibliography Feibleman, James K. Drugs: Interactions. New York, New American Library, 1976

Biography of Thomas Jefferson

Biography of Thomas Jefferson Free Online Research Papers Thomas Jefferson was thought of by many as one of the most important people in the early development of this great country. Jefferson is also seen as one of the founding fathers of the United States having a major influence in this nation’s early developmental progress. From childhood Jefferson was well educated and a very driven person, Jefferson’s list of accomplishments are numerous as well as his policrical background. This paper will explain the background of Thomas Jefferson, as well as his influences in shaping this country into how he thought this new country should be developed. To start the introduction of Thomas Jefferson some wonder where to start, due to that â€Å"Thomas Jefferson was a half a dozen people rolled into one, and his world was one of the most spacious that a normal man ever lived† (Weymouth, 9). Jefferson was seen as a very evasive man due to never sharing his feelings through words but it was not always this way. Thomas Jefferson was born April 2, 1742, at Shadwell, Albemarle County, Virginia. His father owned over five thousand acres in land making him a very wealthy man. His parents were both of high social classes with very high educational backgrounds, thus pushing Jefferson into a life of opportunity with the world at his feet. Jefferson explored all his options to find out what he wanted to do in life, this lead Jefferson into learning five languages and being able to read two others. His education was very important to him and his will to learn never escaped him(Beloff 10). His parents were Peter and Jane (Randolph) Jefferson, a former native of Wales. They had six daughters and two sons, of whom Thomas was the oldest (Chinard 4). When Jefferson was fourteen years old his father died. He received an exquisite education, having been kept constantly at school ever since he was five years old. In 1760 he entered William and Mary College. Williamsburg was then the seat of the Colonial court, and it was the abode of fashion and splendor(Chinard 5). At this time, Jefferson was now only seventeen, lived and had a taste for expensive and lavish things. He kept fine horses, and went to many social events yet he was diligent with his studies, and undeterred in his morals. In the second year of his college life Jefferson moved away for some unexplained reason, he discarded his old companions as well as his residency (Malone 129). It was not uncommon for Jefferson to spend fifteen hours a day studying, by doing this he attained a very high intellect, especially in the field of philosophy and languages. The two fields Jefferson mastered in Immediately after leaving college he began the study of law. For a short time he continued in the practice of his profession, as he rose rapidly he distinguished himself by his energy and acuteness as a lawyer(Chinard7). But the times called for greater action. The policy of England had awakened the spirit of resistance in the American Colonies, and the enlarged views which Jefferson had ever entertained soon led him into active political life. In 1769 he was chosen a member of the Virginia House of Burgess. Jefferson’s wide study and broad education lead him into becoming a lawyer, agronomist, musician, scientist, philosopher, and the most important an author. Over the course of his life Jefferson â€Å"wrote over sixteen thousand letters† (Declaration 1). Among his love for scripture, Jefferson also had a passion for agriculture. He planted various plants in an uninhabited area. This gave him time to become close to nature. In 1772 he married Martha Skelton, a widow and took in his partly constructed mountaintop home (Thomas Jefferson 1). Viewed as an awkward man he did not excel in public speaking, he would much rather let his pen do the talking. Jefferson’s exceptional way with words and ability to relay a clear message lead him into the position of a â€Å"silent member† of congress when he was only thirty three(Chinard 4). This began the start of Thomas Jefferson’s career and the start of his many accomplishments. It was at this time that Thomas Jefferson actually began work on the Declaration of Independence. Not only did he refer to his own â€Å"A Summary View† of the Rights of British America, and his own draft for a Virginia state constitution, but he also relied heavily on the Virginia Declaration of Rights(Malone 146). This document was drafted by George Mason, another Virginia patriot leader. It was adopted unanimously by the Virginia Convention in Williamsburg in June 1776. It is considered to be a precursor of the Declaration of Independence. It is obvious from reading it that Jefferson was heavily influenced by it when he wrote the Declaration(Malone 146). Some of the most obvious and well known accomplishments of Jefferson was his expansion of the United States’ territory and power. Perhaps the most well known accomplishment of Jefferson’s presidency was the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. For a mere $15 million Jefferson more than doubled the size of the United States and eliminated the presence of Napoleon from U.S. borders(Jefferson 1). Jefferson being very busy with the Napoleonic wars sought these lands as a way to expanding and his keen business sense lead to a great purchase for the United States. Financially Jefferson did very well slashing Army and Navy expenditures, cutting the budget, eliminating the tax on whiskey which was so unpopular in the West, yet reduced the national debt by a third(Thomas Jefferson 1). The purchase also provided the United States with the port of New Orleans which improved American commerce. Jefferson also authorized a survey of the new land known as the Louis and Clarke expedition which improved American knowledge of the newly acquired land mass. It can be argued that the Louisiana Purchase helped originate American expansion under the banner of Manifest Destiny, the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean(Malone143). Many American settlers were enticed to follow the trail left by Louis and Clarke and make eventual claims to western territory all the way to the Pacific. Out of 44 United States Presidents, Thomas Jefferson stands out as one of the most successful through his various accomplishments in office. After the troubled administration of President John Adams, mainly due to Jefferson being sharply at odds with fellow cabinet members John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, both who he found to be to authoritarian and to quick to assume overwhelming power for the part of executive(Declaration 1), the newly established country looked towards Thomas Jefferson as a president to lead the nation in the right direction. Many Americans had grown tired of the Federalist Party and its policies after it ruled over the nation for 12 years. As a result, more Americans began to promote the Federalist’s rival party, the Democratic-Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson. As one of the major founding fathers and author of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson had strong visions to lead the new nation. A year before coming into office Jefferson went to the Continental Congress with a reputation for literature, science and a happy talent of composition (Weymouth, 180) with a plan for the Declaration.was at this time that Thomas Jefferson actually began work on the Declaration of Independence. Not only did he refer to his own â€Å"A Summary View† of the Rights of British America, and his own draft for a Virginia state constitution, but he also relied heavily on the Virginia Declaration of Rights(Malone 146). This document was drafted by George Mason, another Virginia patriot leader. It was adopted unanimously by the Virginia Convention in Williamsburg in June 1776. It is considered to be a precursor of the Declaration of Independence. It is obvious from reading it that Jefferson was heavily influenced by it when he wrote the Declaratio n(Malone 146). In the end the Declaration was adopted pretty much as written by Jefferson. As a president, Jefferson managed to unify Americans while promoting democracy through Democratic-Republican principles of limited government. The composition of the United States changed during Jefferson’s administration as the nation more than doubled in size. Jefferson had several impressive diplomatic achievements by avoiding war and entangling foreign alliances during his eight years in office. Although Jefferson’s administration was not free of flaws, there is no doubt that his accomplishments in that the United States experienced peaceful political transition, greater level of democracy, territorial expansion, and a continuation of neutrality(Beloff 18). Major accomplishments of President Jefferson that are sometimes overlooked were his abilities to unify Americans and strengthen democracy, â€Å"It is Jefferson, if not Lincoln himself, who is the central figure in the history of American democracy† (Weymouth 189). One of the most remarkable events in world political history was the Revolution of 1800. For a young nation like the United States to voluntarily transfer political power from party to party without violence was truly remarkable. This could not have been done without Jefferson’s ability to unify the American people. In an effort to avoid a potential civil war, Jefferson eased much political tension when he stated in his inaugural address that, â€Å"We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists†(Beloff 14). Once in office, Jefferson sought to bring Americans together and reduce tension by acting on the requests of both parties. Although Jefferson acted on the will of his party by limiting the size of the military, number of federal jobs and repealing taxes, he also pleased Federalists by continuing the National Bank and debt payment. Jefferson improved American democracy by encouraging individual rights. In essence, Jefferson helped unify a divided, young nation and influenced American democracy by promoting individual rights and executive power(Malone 150). Another important legacy left by President Thomas Jefferson was his skilled use of diplomacy to avoid America’s unnecessary involvement in war and foreign alliances. There is no doubt that the accomplishments of President Thomas Jefferson were considerable towards the growth of the United States. His abilities to unify the American people, promote individual rights, and expand executive power have certainly left a lasting impression on the American political system. He enabled the United States to see its potential by acquiring vast amounts of territory and proving to itself that it could protect its valuable overseas shipping. Jefferson also managed to maintain U.S. neutrality and peace in a time of growing worldwide conflict. Probably none of the other founding fathers has been as often invoked as Jefferson, in such diverse and even conflicting causes (Weymouth, 229). Jefferson has become an immortal figure of American politics as his political principles such as limited government continue to influence today’s political ideals. Although he was far from perfect like any American president, the author of the Declaration of Independence deserves recognition as one of America’s more successful presidents through his lasting accomplishments while in office. After a second term as president Jefferson retired to his Monticello home where he later died on July 4, 1826. In conclusion through Thomas Jefferson’s accomplishments and his influences and decisions were essential in the development of the United States as we know it today. Through his high level of educational background, Jefferson was able to establish some of the most important things in US history. His drive as well as his passion in time of need has earned him the respect, dignity, and title of one of the United States founding fathers. His influences of early American politics as well as his ability to advocate liberty, has earned Thomas Jefferson the title one of the most important titles of one of the greatest United States presidents in all of history. WORKS CITIED Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson. 4 July 1995. Ushistory.org. 24 Nov. 2008 www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/jefferson.htm. Thomas Jefferson. Biography of Thomas Jefferson. The White House. 24 Nov. 2008 www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/tj3.html. Weymouth, Lally. Thomas Jefferson, The man, His world, His Influence. First ed. New York, NY: G.P Putnams Sons, 1973. Chinard, Gilbert. Thomas Jefferson, The Apostle of Americanism. Second ed. New York, NY: Seven Springs, 1975. Malone, Dumas. Jefferson the President. First ed. Boston, MA: Little Brown and Company, 1970. Beloff, Max. Thomas Jefferson and American democracy. First ed. London E.C.: The English Universities Press LTD: 1965 Research Papers on Biography of Thomas JeffersonThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBringing Democracy to AfricaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Property Law - Essay Example 360,000 by raising a mortgage amount from the Solent bank. This mortgage amount was with a joint responsibility with his father. Under the provisions of the Law of Property Act 1925, beneficial owners can obtain a court order for putting the trust into effect and directing sale of the property and thereafter division of the sale proceeds. With regard to house properties, the share of the parties will in general be 50% each, due to their joint ownership of the property. However, the court could refuse to grant sale order, if the reason behind the creation of the trust persists. 3 In Midland Bank v Cooke, 4 the Court of Appeal granted a half share to the defendant in the matrimonial home. In the absence of an express agreement, the court opined that the conduct of the parties would be examined in order to determine the intended share of each party. 5 In Stack v Dowden, the House of Lords held that in disputes where the family property was in joint names and in the absence of an express declaration regarding ownership, a beneficial joint tenancy could be presumed.6 Since, the defendant had provided 65% of the amount; Stack was entitled to 35% of the proceeds of the sale.7 In Jones v Kernott, the UK Supreme Court upheld the trial court’s grant of 90% of the property’s sale proceeds to the plaintiff. ... It is left to the court to defer the sale if it were of the opinion that such sale would be contrary to the purpose for which the property had been purchased. 9 In the UK common ownership of property is not transferred automatically between the parties to a marriage. Automatic transfer takes place, only if the parties consent to place the concerned property in their joint names. Such joint ownership can be of the following categories. First, joint tenancy, wherein the survivor of the married couple automatically inherits the share of the deceased spouse. Second, tenancy in common, in which the share in the property is transferred as per the will of the deceased spouse or as per the rules of intestacy.10 As such on the death of a spouse, the remaining spouse automatically derives a portion of the deceased spouse’s estate provided the property is held jointly by them. On the satisfaction of the Spouses Legal Right Share, children and issue become entitled to a share in the prope rty, after the intestate death of a person. In Abbott v Abbott the court granted 50% of the sale proceeds to the wife, as the couple had undertaken joint liability with regard to the repayment of the mortgage on the property. In addition, this husband and wife had arranged their finances entirely in a joint manner.11 The existence of a will executed by the deceased has a significant effect on the legal right of the remaining spouse or children. However, with regard to non – marital cohabitees, there is no such automatic entitlement, unless there is a specific benefit under a will. Conclusion Since Angelina holds the property, jointly with her deceased husband, she will receive half the share of the property, after meeting obligations and

Identifying Potential Risk, Response, and Recovery Assignment

Identifying Potential Risk, Response, and Recovery - Assignment Example They are subject to a multiple number of insecurities that could prove to be very disastrous for the business to which the system belongs should it succumb to a threat. Businesses that rely on information systems have an obligation to maintain and keep it secure. As the Information Security Engineer for a videogame development company, it is compulsory that I adopt a vigilant approach to uphold my company’s information security (Godbole, 2009). Attacks, threats and vulnerabilities to the organization Hacking The organization is vulnerable to hacking. Hacking is a criminal act whereby unauthorized people with massive computer knowledge decide to illegally access the personal information on another’s information system, mostly to use for malicious acts that will harm the system’s owner. As identified, the organization’s system is not secure enough to protect itself from hackers. Should this threat not be handled the organization is at a risk of losing its mo st valuable information to anyone who does not have the business’ best interests at heart. Such information in the wrong hands could lead to the downfall of the organization without fail. Obsolescence The organization’s information system is outdated. This is a threat that needs to be addressed. In a business as competitive as the videogames one cannot afford to have information systems that are out-of-date. ... This means that the systems fail to work somehow due to various reasons. I have made an observation that once the systems crash all the information that was contained in it is lost and the organization has to commence from scratch. It does not have to happen this way at all. This is a problem that must be dealt with so as to save time. If all activities in an organization will be stopped just because one system crashed then the business will lag behind (Godbole, 2009). Poor maintenance by staff The organization’s staff are not using the information systems a required. This could be out of ignorance or simply negligence. I recently observed one staff member pour water on a computer’s keyboard. This is an outrageous show of poor maintenance. The systems need to be taken care of on the outside in order to protect the information they carry inside. Lack of maintenance could lead to a double tragedy, that is, irreparable damage to the computer systems and in turn loss of the data they hold. Theft There has been theft of information systems in the recent past o the organization. This is an attack that cannot be allowed to stand as it should be hazardous to the life of the firm. The organization should find out the source behind these threats and tackle it with immediate effect (Godbole, 2009). Strategies and controls to deal with the risks 1) Hacking Hacking can be dealt with using the strategy of risk avoidance. This means ensuring that it doesn’t occur at all. For this strategy to be enforced the organization needs to apply new methods of securing the information systems further. For instance, by creating stronger passwords for files. This will make it harder for a hacker to access whatever is

The marriage group in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer Essay

The marriage group in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer - Essay Example Most tales began with a prologue which told of the narrator’s personal feelings and experience. These included, among other things, marriage. Following this, the story teller would relate a cautionary tale about the fickleness of the opposite sex. Two of these narrations were chosen, on from the perspective of a woman, Alice, the Wife of Bath, and one from the perspective of a male, the Merchant. The Wyves Tale of Bathe (The Wife of Bath) The Wife of Bath called herself Alyson or Alys. She considered herself an authority on marriage, having had five husbands by the time of the pilgrimage. Her story speaks of the social and legal position of women in the late 14th century. The Wife of Bath was married at twelve years of age. Alys felt that marriage was a misery. Over drinks she told the Pardoner that two of her husbands were bad, and three were good. The three good husbands were rich and old. They soon died, and their land and money became hers. Alys complained that people crit icized her for having had so many husbands. The critics would use the scriptures as their authority, stating that Jesus only attended one wedding in the gospels, and this indicated that a person only married once. Alys felt that when God told people to multiply, he did not put a limit on how many times a person could marry. She used Solomon, Abraham and Jacob as examples of men who had many wives, all at the same time, so why would it be wrong for her to have multiple husbands. At least she only had one at a time. Alys agreed that some people may prefer to remain virginal, but that was not for her. The purpose of having genitals was to have sex. Why shouldn’t she take advantage of that? Everyone has the right to make his or her own choice. However, although under Canon law, man was the master over the woman, Alys knew how to have power over the husband. She used sex as a means to control the old, rich ones, knowing if she satisfied them, they would buy her pretty things. Sex and the ability to provide her husband with heirs was the main power of women in the oppressive view of the time. Alys told how she controlled her husbands by turning their arguments against them, until the husband is convinced he is in the wrong. She felt that women were better at lying and swearing then men, and that there would always be a maid or family member to vouch for her. The wife related how oppressive she found the relationship between men and women. The scriptures were used as a means to give men the right to rule over women. She preferred to use logic. When her husband would accuse her of infidelity, she would ask him what he was doing talking to the woman who was accusing her of wrong-doing. Maybe he was the one cheating. If her husband accused her of being less attractive and outgoing than the neighbor, she told him it was because she didn’t have anything decent to wear, making it his fault for not being as good a provider. Alys scoffed at men for accusing her of hiding her true personality until after she had married them. Men argued that they had the opportunity to try out oxen, horses and household furnishings before they were bought, and they should be able to try out a wife before marriage. Only after marriage does she let her vices show. She felt that men were jealous and insecure, especially when the wife was attractive. They had her spied on, and accused her of trying to attract the attention of other men. Alys felt she couldn’

Renewable Energy in Bangladesh

Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Inleiding Being aware of the finite stock of fossil fuels and their negative impact on the environment, most countries over the world want to make use of renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind energy, bio-energy, hydropower, geothermal and ocean energy because they want to ensure energy security. The use of renewable energy has risen considerably in recent times, both in developed and in developing countries as well Bangladesh too. Bangladesh is a developing country with 154 million inhabitants. This equates to 1048 people per km ². It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with a population growth rate of 1,2% per year (Islam et al., 2014). In 2012, the growth rate of GDP was 6,2% (Ahmed et al., 2014). The economy of this country is dependent on agriculture and forestry. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas (Islam et al., 2014). The rapid population growth, urbanization and industrialization creates an increasing energy consumption (Islam et al., 2014). In 2000, the energy consumption amounted to 12,7 Mtoe (million tonnes oil equivalent) and in 2011 24,2 Mtoe (figure 1). It is expected that the energy in 2020 will rise to 185%. The electricity consumption per capita is 212 kWh. Consumption is lower than in other developing countries such as India (480,5 kWh) and Pakistan (456,2 kWh). There is a link between the energy consumption per capita and the growth of GDP (Islam et al., 2014). Around 76% of the population has no access to electricity, especially in remote areas in Bangladesh (Ahmed et al., 2014). Figure 1: Final energy consumption in Bangladesh (by fuel type) (Islam et al, 2014) According to Mondal et al. (2014) the biggest contributor of electricity is natural gas (82,81%) . The contribution of other fuels, such as oil, coal, diesel and hydro energy amounts respectively 5,6%, 2,4%, 6,9% and 2,8%. But there is a great shortage of energy. Energy demand is 8350 MW, while the supply is only 6000 MW. In the future, the difference will continue to increase (Ahmed et al., 2014). In 2021, the demand for energy is going to be about 18 838 MW and 33 708 MW by 2030 (Islam et al., 2014). 98,5% of all energy comes from fossil fuels, while only 0,3% of renewable energy. However, the fossil fuel is limited. This is going to be run out in the future. There are 23 fields of natural gas and the reserve contains approximately 566336,9 million km ³. Within the next 15 years this reserve will decrease. Recently it was discovered there 2,9 billion coal, but the extraction of coal is very expensive and the production of electricity from coal in a densely populated country caused a lot of pollution. Coal gives high CO2 emissions and thus harms the environment. Exploration and exploitation of renewable energy sources can reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) and mitigate negative impacts on the environment (Ahmed et al., 2014). Renewable energy technologies (RET) Renewable energy is the ideal solution for people that live in remote areas, but also for urban residents due to the acute energy crisis (Ahmed et al., 2014). There are infinite sources of renewable energy such as biomass, wind, solar energy, hydropower. Different types of renewable energy are discussed in this paragraph. Solar energy Solar energy is widely believed to be one of most viable and efficient renewable energy resources mainly for its abundant availability. Bangladesh is an ideal place for solar energy utilization. Annual solar radiation available is more than 1900 kWh/m ². It is found that 94% of the land area in Bangladesh has such radiation which is sufficient for appropriate utilization based on available technology. Maximum radiation begins from March to April, and minimum radiation begins from December to January (Islam et al., 2014). Nearby 32,5% of the entire population has intermittent electricity access. However, a huge number of population is completely out of electricity supply, especially in the rural areas. From a sustainable view point, this scenario retards economic growth and social development of Bangladesh which is, otherwise, a densely populated developing country. Appropriate application of solar energy, as one of the renewable sources, could provide a stimulus to overcome such social and economic problems (Ahmed et al., 2014). Solar home system (SHS) achieved remarkable popularity as off-grid power generation essentially in rural areas where on-grid electricity remains unavailable and the necessary infrastructure is still in its nascent stage. SHS can be viable as a way to energy solution as well as small rural businesses development in rural areas and is contributing to social and economic benefits. Solar home system (SHS) is a decentralized photovoltaic array module connected with a rechargeable battery that can produce 20-100 Wp. Generally, SHS is applicable to low power consuming devices like television, radio, light bulbs, and others. The efficiency of SHS depends on its dimension of array and the sunlight availability. For isolated remote areas in Bangladesh, solar photovoltaic array is the most effective and efficient way for rural electrification. However, installation of such a system is not cost effective for rural mass population where majority of the population in the remote and rural areas do not have adequate access to financial support. Grameen Shakti (GS), a sister concern of Grammen Bank is now providing soft loan to the rural people. GSs effort to solar home system also contributed to socioeconomic development. It is considered as an important stimulus for sustainable development (Ahmed et al., 2014). In 2012 there are already 1,320,965 SHS. By 2015 the government wants to install 4 million SHS (Islam et al., 2014). Wind energy Wind energy potential is not encouraging, except in some coastal areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh has a coastal belt of around 724 km. The total capacity of wind energy in Bangladesh is 235 MW. Geographically, strong south-southeast monsoon wind comes from Indian Ocean and enters the coastal areas of Bangladesh. The wind blows continuously with an average speed from 3 m/s to 6 m/s over Bangladesh from March to September. This continuous wind can be captured and converted to kinetic energy with an integrated system comprising of both mechanical and electrical components. This energy can be connected to central grid or can be used to support local electricity supply (Ahmed et al., 2014). However, taking into account wind as a potential renewable energy resource in Bangladesh, disruption occurs due to lack of suitable wind map and the relevant data required to estimate the potential of electricity generation. Global wind data and research shows that wind speed not more than 7 m/s is not viable for large scale grid connected electricity production. But in some places, measured values of wind speed aren’t present in Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2014). Biomass energy In Bangladesh, traditional biomass such agricultural residues, wood wastes and animal dung, represents respectively 46%, 34% and 20% of the energy supply. From environmental and economic sustainability viewpoint, biomass energy is an effective energy source for rural population of the country. Bangladesh is endowed with rich biomass energy with a potential electricity generation capacity of 160,93 TWh from agricultural crop residues, followed by 121,768 TWh from recoverable waste, and 29,91 TWh from fuel wood, saw dust and tree residues. There are two kind of types of biomass energy namely biogas and biofuel. Biogas is a residue from animal and municipal wastes. Technology dissemination is very poor. IDCOL (Infrastrcuture Development Company Limited) installed 22549 biogas plants. 32% of the total biogas plants are not working due to lack of appropriate maintenance and technical knowledge. By the another type of the biomass is biofuel. Bangladesh is in early stage developing biofuel. Biofuel is produced from transesterification of oil, which is derived from energy crops. It’s no energy crop being produced for biofuels at commercial scale. The biofuel will be used as gasohol in the vehicle and the price will be reduced by 20-30% compared to other transport fuel. Bangladesh imports large amount of petroleum products with high price from international market and could save millions of foreign exchange as it is used a biofuel. Environmental pollution from transportation sector would also be reduced utilizing biofuel (Islam et al., 2014). Hydropower energy Due to geographical flatness, Bangladesh has limited hydropower potential. It’s 2 hydropower plants (Kaptai and Barak River) and it generates 220 MW and 1500 MW respectively (Ahmed et al., 2014). But small-scale hydropower is popular because of the low cost, reliability and environmental benefits. It has the potential to generate 5MW electricity. Most of the small-scale hydropower potential sites were discovered in rural, remote and hill track areas which can contribute to overall socio-economic development of Bangladesh ensuring power supply for the rural population (Islam et al., 2014). Policy changes Today only 44% of the population in Bangladesh is foreseen with electricity, and on top of that Bangladesh has very limited non-renewable energy resources of its own. An energy crisis and desertification problem in rural areas are not excluded. The government aims since 2005 to provide electricity for everybody before 2020 by the plan to generate more power from coal and furnace-oil-based peaking power plants (Mondal et al., 2014; PSMP, 2005). Increasing the fossil fuels to meet the growing electricity-demand counteracts the world’s attempts to stop (or reduce) climate change. In addition to the influence on a world-scale, the increased use of fossil-fuels has an influence on local scale as well. It’s proved that the power sector in Bangladesh counts for 40% of the total CO2 emissions and as a consequence there’s an increasing need to develop and promote alternative energy sources to reduce the negative impacts on global and local scale (Mondal et al., 2014). Mor eover, too much dependency on natural gas is obviously fraught with risks for power production and for other commercial activities (Sarkar M.A.R. et al., 2003). These issues could be eliminated if renewable energy is used as a primary source of energy in rural areas.Further is rational policy dissemination important because efficient utilization of renewable energy resources is yet to assume commercial dimensions. In this section, a picture will be drawn of the already taken steps in governance on the one hand and opportunities and bottlenecks for the implementation of renewable energy technologies (RET’s) on the other hand. Bangladesh’ government released in 2002 a draft renewable policy which provided modalities, procedures, tariff regulations, fiscal and other incentives,†¦ for the implementation of so-called RET’s (REP, 2002; Mondal et al., 2010). They did foresee also guidelines for the development of an independent authority for renewable energy, namely the Renewable Energy Development Authority (REDA). With this policy, the ambition is to have around 10% renewable energy of the total demand by 2020 (Mondal et al., 2010). This year has to be taken relatively because other sources mention that this share of renewable energy would contribute to national demand in 2030 (Ahmed S. et al., 2014). In 2008, the policy was reformulated and as part of that policy it has engaged with the development partners and private sector to boost generation (Ahmed S. et al., 2014). According to REP (2008), the objectives of the Renewable Energy Policy of Bangladesh include: to harness the potential of renewable energy resources and dissemination of renewable energy technologies in rural, peri-urban and urban areas to enable, encourage and facilitate both public and private sector investment in renewable energy projects to develop sustainable energy supplies to substitute indigenous non-renewable energy supplies. Although REDA was the sole authority administering all kinds of activities that could be related to energy – both rural and renewable – government decided to establish a new unit for fostering the use of renewable energy for power generation (Mondal et al., 2014). This authority consists of representatives of a large variety of stakeholders, including business community, academics and/or representatives from Bangladesh solar energy society, NGOs, financial institutions as well as implementing agencies (Mondal et al., 2014) and had to take following initiatives to implement the objectives in the policies. It had to take its responsibility concerning coordination, planning, promoting awareness, supporting the establishment of small and medium renewable energy enterprises and service providers, providing financial support in research and soliciting of grid connected renewable energy projects. The authority had to determine the priorities for the renewable technology development. SEDA will support capacity building, human resource and market development. Investments has to be expanded. Microcredit support is established to promote the purchase of renewable energy equipment and private sector participation and joint venture programs will be encouraged. In a way for example, for solar house systems – the most important source of renewable energy for the moment – three different financial systems are available today. On the one hand one can opt for the fee-for-service option. The installation is still owned by Rural Electrification Board (REB) and the users pay a monthly fee for the services. The second option consists the credit program of Grameen Shakti – a not-for-profit company founded to promote and supply renewable energy technology at an affordable rate to rural households of Bangladesh (Right Livelihood Award Foundation Archive, 2007). – where customers pay 50% down payment and the other 50% has to be paid over a long period (varying from 6 months to several years). Regulatory policies to distribute renewable energy has to be implemented Further, Bangladesh became a member of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) – the only inter-governmental agency working exclusively on renewable energy – to reinforce international cooperation. As mentioned before, Bangladesh is working to provide more energy to its people, in order to accelerate economic growth, poverty reduction, and social development. German companies are supporting these efforts through KfW Entwicklungsbank and the Gesellschaft fà ¼r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Embassy Dhaka, 2015). Renewable energy and energy efficiency is a priority area of Bangladeshi-German development cooperation. Finally, it’s important to recognize the importance of awareness and dissemination programs. When people lack information and awareness, government can do as much work as now, they can establish thousands of institutions to stimulate the use of renewable energy, but people won’t (or cannot) make use of it. There is one example where government wanted to implement bio gas plant into rural houses, but they didn’t involve the households in the project and as a consequence, more than 50% of the installations were not working because people were not able to maintain and/or repair the bio gas plants. Considering this fact, a lot of organizations such as Grameen Shakti, REB,†¦ implement this in there guidelines as well (Mondal et al., 2014). Conclusion Energy demand will continue to increase exponentially because of population growth. Since history, economic growth can be coupled closely with energy consumption and production. According to Hassan A. et al. (2012) energy can be seen as a sensible approximation to assume that energy use/capita will increase with GDP/capita. The relationship between energy access and social, economic, environmental,†¦ issues is relevant. Being aware of the finite stock of fossil fuels and their negative impact on the environment on both a global and a local scale and health of the citizens, most countries, as well Bangladesh want to stimulate the use of renewable energy sources. Therefore, the importance of government as well as private organizations in the process has to be recognized. Subsidizing and supporting private-public Research Development partnerships can make renewable energy projects a successful story. Those endeavors manifest Bangladeshs commitment towards development of renewable energy although Bangladesh cannot make use of all renewable sources such as solar energy, wind energy, bio-energy, hydropower, geothermal and ocean energy equally, because of morphological and other natural characteristics. New solutions to solve the renewable energy crisis in Bangladesh so by governance help it’s possible to promote renewable energy which is more advisable than diverting internal capital to import refined oil from foreign countries (Ahmed S. et al., 2014). Nevertheless, the promotion of renewable energy in Bangladesh is still in an early stage and new projects have to take not only policies into account, but also the people in Bangladesh itself. They need to make use of it, they need to have the knowledge to make use of new installations and they have to repair it. The local demand and income generation opportunities should be the starting point of the implementation of RETs and then, after all, renewable energy in Bangladesh can be a successful story of whi ch a lot of other countries can learn a lot. References Ahmed, S., Islam, M. T., Karim, M. A., Karim, N. M. (2014). Exploitation of renewable energy for sustainable development and overcoming power crisis in Bangladesh.Renewable Energy,72, 223-235. The Press Section (2015). Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. Accessed on 5th of May 2015 on http://www.dhaka.diplo.de/Vertretung/dhaka/en/07/Priority/Energie__Seite.html Islam, M. T., Shahir, S. A., Uddin, T. I., Saifullah, A. Z. A. (2014). Current energy scenario and future prospect of renewable energy in Bangladesh.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,39, 1074-1088. Mondal, M. A. H., Denich, M., Mezher, T. (2014). Deployment of renewable energy technologies in Bangladesh: Long-term policy implications in power sector.Energy Strategy Reviews,2(3), 307-312. REP (2002). Renewable Energy Policy(Draft). Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Right Livelihood Award Foundation Archive (2007). Grameen Shakti (Bangladesh). Accessed on 4th of May 2015 on http://www.rightlivelihood.org/grameen_shakti.html Sarkar, M. A. R., Ehsan, M., Islam, M. A. (2003). Issues relating to energy conservation and renewable energy in Bangladesh.Energy for Sustainable Development,7(2), 77-87. PSMP, 2005. Power sector master plan update, Power Cell, Power Division. Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Great Zimbabwe :: essays research papers

GREAT ZIMBABWE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article which I have chosen to read, is about a ruined city of southeast Zimbabwe south of Harare. Great Zimbabwe is an ancient city on the plateau in sub-Saharan Africa. Great Zimbabwe was supposedly a city that controlled much trade and culture of southern Africa during the 12th and 17th centuries because it was stationed on the shortest route between the northern gold fields, and the Indian Ocean. Archaeologists believed that this masterful stonework was built somewhere around 1100 and 1600 A.D. Great Zimbabwe covers 1,779 acres and is made up of 3 main structures. The first one is the Hill Complex; Hill Complex is the oldest part of the site. The hill was approximately 262 feet high. This enables inhabitants to view enemies from up the hill. Below the Hill Complex is the Great Enclosure, or Elliptical Building. The most dazzling structures of Great Zimbabwe are found here. It’s thought to have been the royal palace at that time. Between these two large structures is the Valley Ruins. The youngest walls are found here. Some archaeologists deemed that it might have been the area’s control access, for that the wall enables people to walk in single file only. Great Zimbabwe has been designed to change its periphery as the city’s population grew due to the fact that it wasn’t constructed around a central plan. Despite that the size has made Great Zimbabwe remarkable, another main factor is its stonework. Many of the structures were made of blocks cut from granite. The city’s name comes from the Shona term dzimbabwe, meaning â€Å" houses of stone.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And, like may other ancient cities, Great Zimbabwe has been concealed by legend. Many people told myths about Great Zimbabwe. But, it wasn’t until the late 1800s when archaeological record became severely damaged an almost not decodable; when Europeans were attracted by the myth of abundant gold from King Solomon’s mines found in the Great Zimbabwe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first European to arrive to Great Zimbabwe was a German explorer named Karl Mauch, in 1871. It was Mauch’s friend, Adam Render, who was also German and was living in the tribe of Chief Pika, that has lead him to Great Zimbabwe. When Mauch first saw the ruins, he abruptly concluded that Great Zimbabwe wasn’t erected by Africans. He felt that the handiwork was too delicate and the people who constructed this showed they were way too civilized to have been the work of Africans.

Dancers, Costumes and Movement Content Essay

Costume: The costume throughout Flesh and Blood is a very important attribute to the piece. All seven of the female dancers wear the same costume in each of the five sections therefore this shows that the costume that Lea Anderson chose was relevant to the themes within the piece all the way through. The costumes are of a medieval style, we know this from the design of the dress as they have square necks and tight fitting wrist length sleeves much like the dresses that were worn in that time period. The dresses reach ankle length on each of the dances and have a fitted torso with a dropped v-waist which then falls into a slightly gathered, loose material lower half which flows down from the waist to the ankle. In this piece I believe it is important for the dresses to be fitted on the arms and torso area as these are the main areas of which are used in the contact work such as lifts- and it then makes it easier to perform these moves as dancers can get a better grip on each other. There are also many intricate arm and hand movements where dancers have to intertwine with each other- therefore the tight fitting arms ensure that the moves can be performed with clarity and precision. The material of the dresses is particularly specific to the underlying storyline of Joan of Arc, as it is a metallic and shiny stretchy silver fabric. This infers the idea of the dresses symbolising armour, which is relevant to the battles that Joan of Arc had to fight. The masculine armour like fabric then contrasts against the feminine style of dress, again backing up the important theme of Joan of Arc throughout the piece. The shiny material also shimmers in the light and emphasises movements and enhances angles that the dancers perform, whether they are big or small moves which then makes developing motifs clearer to see. The dancers have bare feet in each section of the dance, I believe this adds a sense of vulnerability to the hard faced characters and shows that no matter how determined Joan of Arc was she, and also the characters within this dance all have a weak spot. The dresses that the dancers wear also have calf length, fitted grey leggings underneath which we see in section two- and also work to highlight and emphasize movement. I also believe it was important for the dancers to wear leggings as section two has a lot of floor  work involved so it is practical to have these underneath the dresses. Make-up and hair are also important aspects of the costume within this piece and they highlight areas of intricate movement. This is shown in the Cathedral in section 2 of the dance where small eye movements upwards, then to the left are used. This move is simple but is an important reoccurring motif which could symbolise looking up to god- and therefore needs to stand out, which is done through the use of dark eye makeup that contrasts against the dancers pale faces. The red lipstick worn throughout shows the dancers are still feminine even though they have to wear a masculine army colour, and have a short style of hair which is what Joan of Arc had to do in order to disguise herself. The red lipstick symbolises danger and passion and also shows that even though they are pretending to be males- they are still strong female characters for sticking up for what they believe in. Dancers: All of the dancers look on average between the ages of 25 to 35 and are all female. I believe this shows a strong sense of unity within the piece to symbolise the fact that they are part of an army and also makes them all equal to each other. This is important as it shows that the piece is thematic- rather than narrative with main characters. Due to the style of the dance, I believe the dancers will of had to have had training in ballet and contemporary and be able to perform in confined spaces such as the black box theatre setting which is used and be adaptable for the site specific places that they had to perform. Another key aspect of the performance is that the dancers are very precise in the unison sections. This is effective as it heightens smaller movements such as the tapping of the feet in the cathedral setting in section 2. A way that the dancers could have done this is through using specific counts in the music and keeping to a rhythm. Due to their being a lot of minimal eye movement in unison within the routine- also shown in the black box studio in section 5 when the dancers look up as if to heaven, it is important that the dancers were aware of their focus points so that their movements were precise and equal to each other, which is something that is important throughout this piece. Movements: Section 1: The movement in section one is very contained and small. It is a duet between two of the dancers and involves using a lot or inticate armwork where they have to weavein and out of each other. This could symbolise that the battle Joan of Arc had to face was a constant struggle. This concept is also shown and the first female dancer in this section looks as though she is being dominated and controlled by the second femal character who is stood behind her throughout- almost overlooking all of her actions and having imput into what she does. This is shown as a movement when dancer two pushes dancer one down to the floor to continue her movements on a lower level. This makes dancer two look more superior and therefore gives off the impression she is symbolic of the males telling Joan of Arc she wasn’t allowed to fight. Section 2: Section two involves all 7 of the female dancers and is set in a black box studio. The floor work in this section such as the repeat motif which is shown also in section five where the dancers lay on their back with their feet flat to the floor and their knees bent on and angle with their arms by their side as they push their legs straight out to move backwards gives off an impression that they are symbolising beetles and other insects. Thesharp and angled movements give off imagery as if they are symbolising being bugs- which links to the heaven and hell paintings by the artist Bosch. Because much of this section is on the floor it is symbolic of Hell being present- and is where most people believed Joan of Arc went after her burning at the stake. The calf length leggings and bare feet that the dancers are wearing can also be seen in this scuttling back movement and highlight the angles of the legs- as is also done with the tight fitting sleeves on the arms. Section 3: This section is set inside of a Cathedral and shows 3 of the dancer standing in the alter and the other 4 laid in the knave. This symbolises the communication that Joan of Arc is said to have had with God who told her to  battle with the men, this is shown through intricate eye movement from the dancers standing in the alter as the first thing they do it look upward to heaven, to the left as if to purgatory and then downwards as if to hell. Use of a head tilt to the right when looking to the left is also used which could symbolise shock in hearing or seeing something. The dancers laid on the floor are symbolic of the dreams that Joan of Arc is said to of had and repeat motifs such as the rolling of the fingers that tap onto the floor suggest that her nightmares and dreams were reoccurring and made her react immediately- even before she woke up and decided that she wanted to go into battle. The dynamics in this section are a lot slower then any other andthe dancers are all individuals which suggests that when Joan of Arc visited the church she was distanced from everyone else and felt more alone and vulnerable. Section 4: Section 4 is set outside of the cathedral and is an adapted version of section 1, as it has 2 unison duets- one further forward than the other. This section is also very contact based and manipulative which gives an indication of the relationship that the dancers have with each other. The ‘crusifix’ arm movement is a repeat motif throughout and is shown is section 2 when the dancers sit up from the floor, as if god is helping them progress and become better people. It is also shown in section 4 when the dancers are lifted by the dominating dancers, and their feet are left loosely flailing beneath them while their arms lower so their palms are flat facing downwards. This motif could symbolise that god is now taking Joan of Arcs soul to Heaven as she is burnt at the stake. The shaking of the feet indicates that many people believed she would go to Hell- which is why the arms are lowered from the crucifix movement as this is less holy and God wouldn’t have wanted tha t for the female who stood up for herself.

Private finance initiative

PFI PrinciplesThe PFI, known as Private Finance Initiative, is a type of Public Private Partnership procurance method implemented in UK building industry in 1992. ( Chinyio and Gameson, 2009 ) As an of import portion of Government ‘s scheme for presenting high quality populace services, Private Finance Initiative requires the private financers to set its ain capital at hazard to present clear defined public undertakings for a long term period, guaranting the quality of the work delivered within the clip and budget. ( HM Treasury, 2009 ) OGC ( 2007, p.6 ) defined PFI as â€Å" Where the public sector contracts to buy quality services, with defined end products from the private sector on long term footing, and including maintaining or building the necessary substructure so as to take advantage of private direction accomplishments incentivised by holding private finance at hazard. † PFI has now covered most of public services such as wellness, instruction, defense mechanism, prisons and transits. Typically, PFI procurance involves undertaking the full undertaking bundle including design, building, finance, operation and care, to a group of private companies which consists of a reasonably skilled building house and a installation direction house, for a long period of 20 – 30 old ages. The authorities besides provides specifications bespeaking the services and criterions it requests, and leave the control right of design and building and operation entirely to the private group for the contract period. ( Bennett and Iossa, 2006 ) It is merely recommended for undertakings to take PFI path when the capital cost is likely to transcend & amp ; lb ; 20m. ( OGC, 2007 ) Bennett and Iossa ( 2009 ) say that it ‘s more likely to utilize PFI procurance if the outwardness is positive and the invention on residuary value is big.AdvantagesLong-run RelationshipPFI is non merely concentrating on the value for money, it besides stressed the development of long term relationship between public sector and private sector. Robinson and Scott ( 2009 ) indicates that long-run relationships in PFI undertakings can supply a powerful inducement in order to larn from each other, portion the cognition, innovate and continuously better the public presentation between private sector and public sector in project bringing. Partnering is a important key of PFI procurance, the good public presentation of which will take to the success of the undertaking. Spackman ( 2002, pp.283-301 ) addresses â€Å" Success can be achieved merely if the public authorization and the contractor attack the undertaking in a spirit of partnership, humor apprehension of each other ‘s concern and a common vision of how best they can work together. †Public SavingPFI/PPP procurance has the possible to cut down the cost, and present better quality work with the same cost in o ther procurances. ( Bing and Akintoye, 2003 ) Research shows that the authorities ‘s investing utilizing PFI procurance in the UK is now about 10-14 % in its entire investing. ( Grimsey and Lewis, 2005 ) Local governments are acute to utilize PFI to present a undertaking via partnership as they do non necessitate to borrow money from the Bankss. Spackman ( 2002 ) finds the authorities constrains its adoption because it concerns about future revenue enhancement, economic demand, costs of the adoption, and flexibleness reacting to future economic system dazes. The involvement cost of public debit in UK is at 2-2.5 per centum, nevertheless for the cost of private 1 is merely approximately 1 per centum. ( Spackman, 2002 ) Anon ( 2009, p.3 ) declares that â€Å" In the UK, deficiency of hard currency is coercing the authorities to look at utilizing PPPs for more loosely. † The economy for the authorities is non merely from the adoption revenue enhancement facet, but besides in entire value of the undertakings compared with traditional procurance. Parker and Hartley, 2003 ( in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005 ) claim that PPP contracts for UK defense mechanism services save cost scope from 5-40 per centum compared traditional public procurance.Private Net incomeOne of the benefits for private sectors to take PFI is that under the long term ownership, they can derive incomes and net incomes under their direction and operation, or exchange benefits with the local governments. Carrillo at EL. ( 2008 ) indentifies that one of the cardinal drivers for the motive of the PFI is the steady and long term income watercourse and higher returns and profitableness. Spackman ( 2002, pp.283-301 ) besides mentions â€Å" it ‘s easier to increase charges to run into a contract with a private operator than by voting in local or national authorities, and private moneymans might see income from users as a less hazardous beginning of gross. †Better Management SkillsAs p rivate financers are more capable for direction in concern in assorted Fieldss, the authorities believes that the private sector has a better function to offer project direction accomplishments, advanced design and installation and hazard direction. ( Carrillo at el. , 2008 ) Spackman ( 2002 ) stresses that the monitoring force per unit areas on contractors from private sectors may be stronger than those from the populace sector which is taking to a quality work.Long Term ContractIn PFI, contractors are tied into a long-run committedness, so that it reduces that a contractor can walk off during the undertaking if no sufficient support is in topographic point. Even though contracts might curtail this from go oning, but it is hard to plan and enforce wide articles and clauses in the contract for a long contractual period. ( Spackman, 2002 )Hazard TransportationHazard transportation is besides an of import component for presenting a good PFI undertaking. Carrillo at EL. ( 2008 ) claim that PFI will cut down the hazard degree carried by the authorities and reassign it to the contractors. Grimsey and Lewis ( 2005, pp.345-378 ) concludes that â€Å" The transferred hazard is frequently a cardinal determiner of value for money in PPPs, and one that may necessitate to be updated as dialogues processed, to let for fluctuations in hazard allotment. † Apart from public procurance cost hazard, there are besides other hazards such as site usage, site operation and entree, edifice criterions, operations and direction, fiscal conditions, cares and services, residuary value and gross etc. ( Grimsey and Lewis, 2005 ) Those hazards can all be considered and transferred to private side. In UK, there is a long list of samples for public funded undertakings being delayed or finished with over budget. Such hazards being transferred from public sector to private sector through a PPP path is considered to be adding value for money for public undertaking, as private sector will entirely pull off the undertaking cost, clip and quality. ( Grimsey and Lewis, 2005 )Less Construction TimePFI is considered to be one of the procurances which can present undertaking under or on clip. MacDonald, 2002 ( in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005 ) reviewed 50 big UK public procurance undertakings in the past 20 old ages, and found 11 were utilizing PFI/PPP, norm of which were completed under-time. HM Treasury, 2003b ( in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005 ) reviewed 61 PFI undertakings, 89 per centum of which were completed under or on clip. Compared with traditional procured undertakings, 30 per centum of which delivered on clip, PFI undertakings could be completed on clip with a 76 per centum. ( UK National Audit Office, 2003, in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005 )Delivery against BudgetPFI is besides considered to be one of the procurances which can present undertaking under or on budget. HM Treasury, 2003b ( in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005 ) reviewed 61 PFI undertakings, all of which were all finished within the budget. Compared with traditional procured undertakings finished with 27 per centum on budget, PFI undertakings completed on budget with a 78 per centum. ( UK National Audit Office, 2003, in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005 )Innovation ApproachPFI strategies allow the private bidders to research their appetency to develop creational and alone undertakings which can besides run into the needed criterions from the authorities. ( Bing and Akintoye, 2003 ) When the undertaking is under the ownership of public sector, renegotiation between the private moneymans and the public clients must be carried out before the invention is applied. However, when the undertaking is the ownership of private sector, following authorities ‘s specifications, private moneymans has ain power and freedom to implement an advanced attack to run into its ain demands. ( Bennett and Iossa, 2006 )DisadvantagesTime TakingResearch shows that most providers complain that during the procurance, the PFI procedu re takes excessively long for direction determinations. ( Spackman, 2002 ) Li ( in Bing et al. , 2005a, pp.25-35 ) claims that the most negative factor associated with PFI/PPP procurance is â€Å" a batch of direction clip spent in the contract dealing, length holds in dialogue and high engagement cost † . Furthermore, Carrillo at EL. ( 2008, pp.138-145 ) province that PFI undertakings are complex than traditional procurance taking longer lead-in clip before the start of the building. It besides adds â€Å" It is unsustainable for a private company to hold staff involved on a undertaking for a 5 old ages period without a positive result † .Hazard AllotmentIt is an advantage for public sector that their hazards during PFI have been allocated off to private subdivisions. However, it would be a defect for private bidders to transport the hazards someway. OGC ( 2007, p.10 ) indicates that: â€Å" building undertakings are undertaken by the private sector, which are incent ivised by holding private finance at hazard. †High CostHarmonizing to research from Bing et Al. ( 2005b ) , PPP/PFI procurance has jobs such as high stamp cost, complicated dialogue, invention cost restrains and conflicting in aims between stakeholders. Carrillo at EL. ( 2008 ) besides find complain from both of client and contractors that the costs for the command, design and building are higher than the traditional procurances.Lack of ExpertnessThere are still many public professionals non experienced with PFI as it is so complex to get by with. Carrillo at EL. ( 2008 ) indicates that deficiency of expertness in public sector in footings of experience is one of the issues for PFI procedure. It adds further that the deficiency of expertness has negative impacts on the PFI undertakings, and the local governments who are limited with the experience are besides fighting to maintain up the private spouses, which influences the partnering development.Government InfluenceThe author ities is someway bombarded that it is seeking to demo positive sides of PFI every bit much as it can in order to promote execution of PFI. The research and surveies carried out so far by the authorities have been utilizing a limited sum of undertakings with certain focal point. It is recommended to name for more independent and 3rd party surveies for a broad scope of undertaking research and roll up feedback from the clients in all types of undertakings to analysis the PFI public presentation. ( Carrillo at el. , 2008 )Procurement ComparisonIn order to secure the undertaking of residential development for Wulfruna University in UK, PFI and Design and Build are taken into history for the undertaking procurance. Comparison and analysis are carried out as following.Design & A ; BuildDesign & A ; Build is one of the popular procurance methods implemented in the building industry. Since April 2000, D & A ; B has been nominated as one of the procurement recommendations along with PFI and Prime Contracting by the authorities organic structure. ( OGC, 2007 ) The basic rule of D & A ; B procurance is, as fig.1 shown, the client sets up the demands and criterions, and so send on them to the D & A ; B contractor for the bringing of the work. There is ever possible option for client to confer with other design professionals for initial inventions and design constructs. Once, the client is contracted with the D & A ; B contractor, its duty of design engagement is wholly reduced. Risks displacements to the D & A ; B undertaking squad, dwelling of interior decorators, providers and subcontractors, who will take full duty to transport out the design and building of the undertakings. ( OGC, 2007 )Brief AnalysisWith the purpose of analysis the brief, following cardinal points have been indentified:Existing 12,500 pupils with 800 hall of abode and 450 on proposalExisting 65 % males and 60 % full timersProposed 450 bed hall of abodeProposed edifice with comprised different types of adjustmentProposed edifice with a modern criterionProposed edifice to engage out to tourers or public members during vacationsAnalysis:The current pupil figure is 12, 500, and full clip pupil is about 7,500. But the figure of the halls is merely 1,250 ( including the 1 on proposal ) . This figure is merely approximately 16.7 % of the current full clip pupil figure, if 1,2500 suites are wholly counted as individual units. There is a possibility of future development of more student halls of abode.If current full clip pupil figure is about 7,500 who need pupil adjustment, there could be about 4,875 male pupils. It is common that the care and cleansing for the suites rented out for male pupils are more likely harder and hard than the 1s for female pupils. So that the proposed edifice should be quality ensured with good care strategy in topographic point.450 bed hall of abode with modern criterion and assorted types of suites could increase the undertaking cost, and it is likely to o ver the & A ; lb ; 20m bound. Such a figure of pupil ‘s adjustment besides needs a good direction and disposal.The demand of different types of adjustment might affect fluctuation during design phase of the undertaking.A modern criterion might affect client into the design for its appetency of invention attack and criterion.Renting out tourers and other public members could increase excess income for the proprietor. Good direction and operation are required from experience direction houses to supply professional services.PFI versus Design & A ; BuildUndertaking TimeIt is clearly indentified in the old subdivision that the bulk of PFI undertaking delivered under or on clip. D & A ; B comes with 2 options for viing undertakings usually. One is fixed monetary value undertaking ; hence, the undertaking will be delivered decidedly within the budget or no excess costs for the clients if it ‘s over. But the clip of the undertaking is unsure. The other option is fixed clip under taking, which can vouch the undertaking clip, but the cost of the work could be more than what clients expects. Therefore, in footings of undertaking clip, both PFI and D & A ; B are all suited for the undertaking.Undertaking CostPFI is considered to be cost efficient bringing, and it ever meets the budget or even under the budget. But it may be more for the command cost for the contractors. D & A ; B can use fixed monetary value option so that both procurement methods can run into the demand of cost even though the cost demand is non clear in this brief. However, and once more, the clip will non be guaranteed.Undertaking QualityDue to PFI is involved a long term contract for the contractor and private moneymans, it guarantee the quality and care of the undertaking. However, D & A ; B is someway has more opportunity to present a less choice work depending on the morale and motive of the contractor, contractor might cut down the quality of the work in footings of stuff or skilled lab ors etc to salvage a net income for its ain. Harmonizing to the analysis B, PFI is more favorable for the quality work in this undertaking.Client ‘s EngagementWhen the private moneyman claims the ownership, engagement of design is more likely to go on in order to input invention attack to accomplish the appetency of moneyman ‘s ain. Therefore fluctuation is allowed to happen within the PFI. However, D & A ; B contractor procedure the undertaking from design to building, there is non involvement for the client. Any fluctuation for the undertaking will take an excess fee to be implemented by the contractor. Harmonizing to the brief analysis vitamin D and vitamin E, PFI is decidedly better for D & A ; B in this instance.Hazard AllotmentIn PFI, hazards will be transferred to the private moneyman for the development. In D & A ; B, client merely have a individual contractual nexus with the contractor, shown as in fig. 1. The hazard the client carried is small and passes most o f it to the contractor.Undertaking NaturePFI procurance is suited for complex undertaking, in which the undertaking cost is more than & A ; lb ; 20m harmonizing to the debut from OGC. D & A ; B, nevertheless, is besides suited for the complex undertaking. As in the brief analysis degree Celsius, it indicates complex types of adjustment demand, both PFI and D & A ; B can secure this undertaking.Partnering ApproachIt is no uncertainty that PFI is the merely one procurance which required partnering for undertaking compared with D & A ; B. Good partnering can take to exchange of acquisition, cognition sharing and betterment of bringing. In the brief analysis a, there is a possible development of pupil halls in the hereafter if the figure of pupils supports increasing. Good partnering and relationship are the keys for quality bringing. PFI is so better than D & A ; B to be selected.Management Operation & A ; MaintenancePFI is a long term contractual pattern which involves design, buildin g, direction, operation and care for a period of 20 to 30 old ages. Private sector sometimes has better direction accomplishments than public sector. Analysis degree Fahrenheit stresses the demand of good Management and Operation, and besides analysis B once more claims the importance of care. PFI, hence, is one time once more the lone option for this demand contrasted with D & A ; BChoice RecommendationHarmonizing to HM Treasury ‘s Central Unit on Purchasing, 1992 ( in Masterman, J.W.E. , 2002 ) , choice of an appropriate procurance method can be achieved following the undermentioned stairss:Reappraisal of contract schemeAnalysisOptionsChoice of best schemeExecutionThe papers suggests clients or undertaking directors to hit how each procurance method meet the demand of the aims in assorted facets, in which manner the rating of the procurance is carried out. ( Masterman, J.W.E. , 2002 ) As fig. 2 shown, each criterion standard has its ain demand ‘s comparative weighting scope from 1 to 4. A satisfaction mark scope from 1 to10 should so be given to the procurance fiting with the standard standards. After the marking, a computation should be done by utilizing the procurance mark on one of the standards multiplied by the deliberation for the matched standards. Then add up all the consequences to acquire a entire mark. For case, in fig. 2, the underlined figures show the timing weighing for the undertaking and traditional procurance ‘s mark on this facet for the undertaking, so it should be calculated as: 4 X 4 = 16, and 16 is the entire mark for the traditional procurance ‘s public presentation on timing. Then add the remainder scores for fluctuation, undertaking nature etc. The more the mark is, the more suited the procurance will be. It is recommended that the client, the Wulfruna University, should foremost analysis and place the importance of each aim for the full undertaking, and supply the graduated table weighing on the object standards harmonizing to the importance degree. Then follow the sample shown above to name common procurance methods and give a mark to each one. In the terminal, to take the most scored procurance for the pupil hall of abode undertaking. However, there are besides other types of choice, but the chief rules are all similar to each other.DecisionIn this study, it has reviewed PFI procurance. The reappraisal has recognized PFI can supply quality undertaking within the clip and budget graduated table, freedom of invention, long term relationship, hazard transportation from public sector to private sector etc, but has besides underlined some drawbacks such as long determination devising, high command cost and deficiency of experience for both side etc. Meanwhile, it has compared two chosen procurance types PFI and Design & A ; Build, both of which are recommended by the authorities organic structure. Harmonizing to the brief analysis, it has listed some cardinal points and demands for the undertakings and comparing against each demand between PFI and D & A ; B are carried out. It is clearly that PFI can supply more to run into the demand of the undertaking brief. Furthermore, a recommendation for procurement choice is besides provided with an illustration of how the procurance is selected is besides presented. The recommendation stressed the importance of the analysis and designation of of import demand of the aims and criterions for the undertaking.MentionsAnon ( 2009 ) The large hiccup.Public Private Finance [ online ] . February 2009:3. P.3 [ accessed on 25th November 2009 ] Available from: Business Source Premier, EBSChost. ISSN 17420334.Bennett, J. and Iossa, E. ( 2006 ) Building and managing installations for public services. Journal of Public Economics, 90 ( 1 0-11 ) , pp.2143-2160.Bing, L. and Akintoye, A. ( 2003 ) An Overview of Public-Private Partnership. in Akintoye, A. , Beck, M. and Hardcastel, C. ( explosive detection systems. ) Public-Private Partnership Managing Risks and Opportunities. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. pp.3-24.Bing, L. , Akintoye, A. , Edwards, P. J. and Hardcastle, C. ( 2005a ) The allotment of hazard in PPP/PFI building undertakings in the UK. International Journal of Project Management, 23 ( 1 ) , pp.25-35.Bing, L. , Akintoye, A. , Edwards, P. J. and Hardcastle, C. ( 2005b ) Critical success factors for PPP/PFI undertakings in the UK building industry. Construction Management and Economics, 23 ( 5 ) , pp.459-471.Carrillo, P. , Robinson, H. , Foale, P. , Anumba, C. and Bouchlaghem, D. ( 2008 ) Engagement, Barriers, and Opportunities in PFI: The United Kingdom Experience. Journal of Management in Engineering, 24 ( 3 ) , pp.138-145.Cartlidge, D. ( 2006 ) Public Private Partnerships in Construction. Abingdon: Taylor & A ; Francis Group.Chinyio, E. and Gameson, Rod. ( 2009 ) Private Finance Initiative in Use. in Akintoye, A. and Beck, M. ( explosive detection systems. ) Policy, Finance & A ; Management for Public- Private Partnerships. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp.3-26.Grimsey, D. and Lewis, M. K. ( 2005 ) Are Public Private Partnerships value for money? : Measuring alternate attacks and comparing academic and practitioner positions. Accounting Forum, 29 ( 4 ) , pp.345-378.HM Treasury ( 2009 ) Public Private Partnerships [ online ] . [ accessed on 24th November 2009 ] . Available at: & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/ppp_index.htm & gt ;Masterman, J.W.E. ( 2002 ) An illustration of contract scheme ( procurement system ) choice. Introduction to Building Procurement Systems. 2nd ed. , New York: Jack W E Masterman. P.175Masterman, J.W.E. ( 2002 ) Introduction to Building Procurement Systems. 2nd ed. , New York: Jack W E Masterman.Morledge, R. , Smith, A. and Kashiwagi, D.T. ( 2006 ) Building Procurement. 1st ed. , Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Morledge, R. , Smith, A. and Kashiwagi, D.T. ( 2006 ) Design and Build. Building Procurement. 1st ed. , Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 118.OGC ( 2007 ) 06 Procurement and Contract Strategies [ online ] . [ accessed on 24th November 2009 ] . Available at: & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ogc.gov.uk/documents/CP0066AEGuide6.pdf & gt ;Robinson, H. S. and Scott, J. ( 2009 ) Service bringing and public presentation monitoring in PFI/PPP undertakings. Construction Management and Economics, 27 ( 2 ) , pp.181-197.Spackman, M. ( 2002 ) Public-private partnerships: lessons from the British attack. Economic Systems, 26 ( 3 ) , pp.283-301.